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鋰電池隔膜制造工藝的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)

2022-07-15

鋰電池

鋰離子電池隔膜的基體材料為聚烯烴,具有優(yōu)異的力學(xué)性能、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性和成本低。隔膜基體材料主要包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯及添加劑,使用的基體材料與機(jī)械性能和電解液的潤(rùn)濕性有直接的關(guān)系。

鋰離子電池隔膜造孔工程技術(shù)主要包括濕法和干法兩種,干法有單向拉伸工藝和雙向拉伸工藝。

1、鋰離子電池隔膜生產(chǎn)的濕法工藝

將高沸點(diǎn)的小分子加入聚烯烴中作為成孔劑,加熱融化成均勻的體系,然后冷卻至相分離。小分子經(jīng)拉伸后,用有機(jī)溶劑萃取,可以相互通過(guò)制備微孔膜材料。雖然孔隙度和滲透率是可控的,但濕法工藝需要消耗大量的有機(jī)溶劑,要考慮溶劑的回收利用,增加了工藝的復(fù)雜性和成本,而且易污染環(huán)境。

2、鋰離子電池隔膜生產(chǎn)的干法雙向拉伸工藝

該工藝是在20世紀(jì)90年代初研制的。在聚丙烯β型晶型改進(jìn)劑中加入成核劑,利用聚丙烯不同相態(tài)之間的密度差,在拉伸過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生晶型轉(zhuǎn)變并形成微孔。

3、鋰離子電池隔膜生產(chǎn)的干法單向拉伸工藝

通過(guò)生產(chǎn)硬彈性纖維,得到結(jié)晶度低的聚丙烯或聚乙烯薄膜,然后高溫退火得到結(jié)晶度高的定向薄膜。薄膜在低溫下拉伸形成微缺陷,然后在高溫下拉開形成微孔。該方法制備的隔膜具有長(zhǎng)而扁平的微孔結(jié)構(gòu)。隔膜由于只有單向拉伸,橫向強(qiáng)度較差,但正因?yàn)闆]有橫向拉伸,在橫向上幾乎沒有熱收縮。


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